Saoirse Downs
The concept of time and the measurement of years have evolved over the centuries, with various calendars and dating systems being used across the world. The Gregorian calendar, named after Pope Gregory XIII, is the most widely used internationally. However, the world's many other calendars, such as the Julian calendar, the Chinese calendar, the Buddhist calendar, and the official dating system of gengō, present different ways of measuring and understanding time. The year is a unit of time based on the Earth's orbital period around the Sun, roughly 365.25 days, and is an arbitrary number. The modern calendar year numbering system was devised in 525 by a Christian monk, Dionysius Exiguus, who calculated the year of Jesus' birth and set that as year 1, with no year 0.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| What is it called? | Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
| Previous names | Hysterical Psychoneuroses, double personality disorder, multiple personality disorder |
| Causes | Childhood abuse, shell shock, post-traumatic stress disorder |
| First diagnosis | Louis Auguste Vivet, 1882 |
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What You'll Learn
The Gregorian calendar was adopted in October 1582
The Gregorian calendar was instituted by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and was quickly adopted by much of Catholic Europe. The calendar was introduced as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar, which had been in use since 46 BCE. The Julian calendar incorrectly assumed that the average solar year is exactly 365.25 days long, an overestimate of a little under one day per century. This resulted in the calendar drifting about one day for every 314 years.
The principal change in the Gregorian calendar was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day "tropical" or "solar" year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. The rule for leap years is that every year divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are divisible by 100, except in turn for years also divisible by 400. For example, 1800 and 1900 were not leap years, but 2000 was.
The Gregorian reform shortened the average calendar year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes. In the years since the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325, the excess leap days introduced by the Julian algorithm had caused the calendar to drift such that the March equinox was occurring well before its nominal date of March 21. This date was important to the Christian churches because it is fundamental to the calculation of the date of Easter. To reinstate the association, the reform advanced the date by 10 days: Thursday, 4 October 1582, was followed by Friday, 15 October 1582.
The Gregorian calendar was not universally accepted. Many Protestant and Orthodox countries did not want to take direction from the pope, so they refused to adopt the new calendar. Eventually, non-Catholic countries did begin to adopt the Gregorian calendar. The Protestant regions of Germany and the Netherlands switched in the 17th century, Great Britain and its colonies in 1752, Sweden in 1753, Japan in 1873, China in 1912, the Soviet socialist republics in 1918, and Greece in 1923.
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Ancient Egyptians and Hebrews had their own calendars
The ancient Egyptians used a lunar calendar exclusively until they adopted a civil solar calendar, which contained 365 days per year. The solar calendar was divided into three seasons of 120 days each, with each season consisting of four 30-day months. The remaining five days were treated as outside the year proper. The ancient Egyptians also maintained the lunar calendar for religious festivals and rituals.
The exact origin of the ancient Egyptian calendar is unknown, but it is estimated to have started around 5,000 years ago. The civil calendar was established in a year when Sirius rose on its New Year, which occurred on 19 July. The rising of Sirius was of utmost importance to the ancient Egyptians as it signalled the start of the Nile flooding.
The Hebrew calendar, also called the Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar, with months based on lunar months and years based on solar years. The calendar consists of twelve lunar months of 29 or 30 days, with an additional "leap month" added periodically to synchronise the twelve lunar cycles with the longer solar year. The beginning of each month is based on the appearance of the new moon. The Hebrew calendar is used today for Jewish religious observance and as an official calendar of Israel.
The Hebrew calendar was influenced by the Babylonians and Israelites, with the month names derived from the Babylonian calendar. The ancient observation-based calendar was replaced with a mathematically calculated one between 70 and 1178 BCE. The modern Hebrew calendar was described by Maimonides around 1178 CE.
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The Anno Domini era was introduced in 525
The Anno Domini era, also known as the Dionysian era, Christian era, vulgar era, or common era, was introduced in 525 by the Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus. Dionysius Exiguus is best known as the inventor of the Anno Domini era, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar. The term "Anno Domini" is Medieval Latin for "in the year of the Lord" or "in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ". Dionysius Exiguus introduced the new era to identify the years on his Easter table, replacing the Diocletian era based on the accession of Roman emperor Diocletian, a persecutor of Christians.
The Gregorian calendar, used in the Western world and most of the rest of the world, was put together to reconcile what was known about astronomy with the Catholic Church's beliefs about the birth of Jesus. The Gregorian calendar was an update to the previous Julian calendar, which had been used since Ancient Roman times with the number of years counted since Jesus's birth. The Anno Domini era was not widely used until the 9th century, and the historical year from January 1 to December 31 was not uniform throughout Western Europe until 1752.
The Anglo-Saxon historian Bede, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus, used Anno Domini dating in his "Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum" (731). Bede also used the Latin phrase "ante [...] incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo" ("in the sixtieth year before the time of the Lord's incarnation"), which is equivalent to the English "before Christ". Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus Christ.
The Byzantine Empire, Spain, and Portugal continued to use their own calendars well into the Middle Ages. The Byzantine chroniclers used Anno Mundi years from 1 September 5509 BC, the Byzantine Era. Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Spanish Era (also called Era of the Caesars), which began counting from 38 BC. In 1422, Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the Anno Domini system.
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The 24-hour day was influenced by mechanical clocks
The 24-hour day has a long and complex history, with roots in ancient civilisations. The concept of a 24-hour day can be traced back thousands of years, with ancient Babylonians and Egyptians influencing its development. However, the widespread adoption of the 24-hour clock as a standard timekeeping system is a more recent phenomenon, influenced by the emergence of mechanical clocks in the 14th century.
The Babylonians, who resided in Mesopotamia, made advanced astronomical calculations using a sexagesimal (base 60) system inherited from the Sumerians around 2000 BC. This system divided the day into 24 hours, each consisting of 60 minutes. The importance of the number 12 within this system is attributed to the number of lunar cycles in a year or the number of finger joints on each hand, excluding the thumb. This allowed for counting to 12 using just the fingers. The Babylonians' mathematical advancements laid the foundation for the 24-hour day.
Ancient Egyptians also played a pivotal role in the development of timekeeping. As early as 1500 BC, they utilised sundials, which were stakes placed in the ground to indicate time based on shadow length and direction. Over time, the Egyptians developed more sophisticated sundials, such as the T-shaped bar sundial, which divided the interval between sunrise and sunset into 12 parts, reflecting their use of the duodecimal system.
The invention of mechanical clocks in the 14th century marked a significant turning point in the history of timekeeping. Europe witnessed the emergence of the first mechanical clocks around 1300, revolutionising time measurement. These clocks kept time with oscillating timekeepers like balance wheels, providing a more accurate and consistent way to track the passage of time. The development of mechanical clocks was driven by the need for more reliable timekeeping devices, especially in Northern Europe, where sundials, astronomy, and water clocks were unreliable due to cloudy and cold weather.
The early history of mechanical clocks is shrouded in mystery, with no surviving clocks or clear records of their inventors. However, the intense interest in creating a mechanical clock led to rapid advancements. By the end of the 14th century, clockmakers like Richard of Wallingford and Giovanni de Dondi had created sophisticated astronomical clocks with 24-hour dials, calculating moon and planetary orbits, and even eclipses. These clocks not only kept time but also echoed the religious view of the universe, with the heavens revolving in an orderly procession around the Earth.
The 24-hour clock gained traction in the military and transport sectors, with organisations like the Canadian Pacific Railway adopting it in 1886 and the British Army in 1915. Italy became the first country to adopt the 24-hour clock nationally in 1893, followed by other countries in the early 20th century, including France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Today, the 24-hour clock is the standard system used in most countries, especially in writing, while the 12-hour clock remains dominant in spoken and written forms in some nations, including those formerly part of the British Empire.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder was first acknowledged in 1918
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a psychiatric disorder diagnosed in about 1.5% of the global population. DID involves a person experiencing separate identities or "alters" that function independently of each other, with distinct behaviours, memories, and expressions. The disorder is often misdiagnosed and requires multiple assessments for an accurate diagnosis.
The origins of DID as a recognised disorder can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1882, Louis Auguste Vivet became the first person to be officially diagnosed with multiple personality disorder, exhibiting symptoms of amnesia and trance-like behaviour. However, it was not until 1918 that DID was formally acknowledged in the predecessor of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) under "Hysterical Psychoneuroses". This classification grouped DID with other psychoneuroses and neuroses characterised by alternate states of consciousness, amnesia, and sensory and motor disturbances.
At the time, the concept of hysteria was broadly understood to encompass disturbances in memory, consciousness, affect, identity, and body functions, and it was under this umbrella that DID was initially categorised. Subsequently, in 1932/1949, Ferenczi's "Confusion of Tongues" paper explicitly linked dissociation and the splitting of personalities to childhood abuse, marking a significant development in the understanding of DID. However, theories involving the subconscious mind were unpopular at the time, and the focus shifted to schizophrenia, which encompassed multiple personalities in its original description.
It was not until the recognition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in abused women and children, as well as shell shock in soldiers, that attention returned to dissociation and DID. The complexity of DID and its symptoms, as well as its rarity, contribute to the challenges in diagnosing the disorder. The average time spent in the mental health system before receiving a DID diagnosis is estimated to be around 5 to 12.5 years, with some sources stating 7 years.
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Frequently asked questions
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1989.
1912.
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1929.
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