Ayrton Oneill
Basketball efficiency is a metric used to evaluate a player's performance and contribution to their team. The NBA measures individual efficiency in four ways: Efficiency (EFF), Player Efficiency Rating (PER), Offensive Efficiency Rating (OER), and Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER). Each of these metrics takes into account various statistical inputs, such as points scored, rebounds, assists, steals, blocks, and turnovers, to provide an overall evaluation of a player's effectiveness. These efficiency ratings are valuable tools for coaches, scouts, and analysts to assess player performance, make strategic decisions, and identify areas for improvement. While there is no single established method to calculate basketball efficiency, these metrics provide a quantitative framework to analyze and compare player performances.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Statistic used for | Comparing the overall value of players |
| What it accounts for | Player's offensive and defensive contributions |
| NBA individual efficiency metrics | Efficiency (EFF), Player Efficiency Rating (PER), Offensive Efficiency Rating (OER), Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER) |
| How EFF is calculated | Sum of production stats (points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks) minus missed shots (field goals and free throws) and turnovers, then divided by games played |
| How PER is calculated | Includes fouls drawn as a positive and fouls committed and shots rejected as negatives |
| How OER is calculated | Points scored per shot taken (including free throws) |
| How offensive rating is calculated | Points scored per 100 possessions |
| How DER is calculated | Estimates how many points a given player is expected to allow over 100 possessions |
| How PIR is calculated | (Points + Rebounds + Assists + Steals + Blocks + Fouls Drawn) - (Missed Field Goals + Missed Free Throws + Turnovers + Shots Rejected + Fouls Committed) |
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What You'll Learn
Calculating Player Efficiency Rating (PER)
The Player Efficiency Rating (PER) is a metric that evaluates a basketball player's overall production and performance. It was created by ESPN basketball columnist and former Memphis Grizzlies Vice President of Basketball Operations, John Hollinger. The idea behind this statistic is to assign an all-encompassing value to a player's performance, taking into account both positive and negative accomplishments.
To calculate PER, Hollinger's method starts by finding the unadjusted PER using a formula that considers various player statistics. This formula is quite complex, taking into account 12 different player stats, each weighted differently. For example, field goals made are considered more valuable than defensive rebounds. Other basic statistics included in the formula are steals, three-pointers made, free throws missed, turnovers, and fouls.
After calculating the unadjusted PER, adjustments are made to account for the team's pace. The league average PER is standardised to 15.00 for every season. This step ensures that the metric is consistent across different teams and playing styles.
It is important to note that different media outlets may use varying formulas and adjustments when calculating and presenting PER values. The PER formula provided by Hollinger is considered a simplified version using linear weights, and it has become the league-wide standard. However, it is acknowledged that there are some flaws in the metric, and it may not capture all aspects of a player's performance.
PER is particularly useful for understanding the impact of role players who have limited minutes off the bench. Since it is a per-minute calculation, it allows for comparisons between players with different playing times. For example, in the 2019-20 season, the Los Angeles Clippers' center Ivica Zubac had a higher PER than Paul George, indicating that Zubac's contribution might have been more significant than his playing time suggested.
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Calculating Offensive Efficiency Rating (OER)
Offensive Efficiency Rating (OER) is a metric used to evaluate the performance of basketball players and teams. It measures the average number of points scored per shot taken, including missed field goals and free throws. This statistic helps coaches and analysts assess the offensive effectiveness of players and teams.
Calculating OER involves several steps. Firstly, it's important to gather data on the player's or team's offensive performance. This includes recording the number of field goal attempts, free throw attempts, and turnovers. These statistics are typically tracked during games and can be found in box scores or play-by-play data.
The next step is to calculate the total number of shots taken. This includes both field goal attempts and free throw attempts. By dividing the total number of points scored by the total number of shots taken, you can determine the player's or team's OER. This calculation provides a valuable metric for analysing offensive efficiency.
It's worth noting that OER can be influenced by various factors, such as playing time and the quality of defensive opponents. As a result, it should be considered alongside other metrics and contextual factors to gain a comprehensive understanding of a player's or team's offensive performance.
Additionally, OER is often tracked and analysed over time, with game-by-game and season-by-season data being used to identify trends and areas for improvement. This long-term perspective can help coaches make strategic decisions and develop effective offensive schemes. By understanding OER calculations, coaches and analysts can gain valuable insights into the offensive efficiency of basketball players and teams, enabling them to make informed decisions to improve performance.
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Calculating Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER)
Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER) is a statistic used in basketball to measure how effective a player or team is at preventing the opposition from scoring. It was created by Dean Oliver, who introduced the metric in his 2004 book, 'Basketball on Paper'.
The calculation of DER is a complex process that involves multiple variables. One formula for DER is as follows:
> Defensive Player Rating = (Players Steals * Blocks) + Opponents Differential= 1/5 of possessions - Times blown by + Deflections * OAPDW (Official Adjusted Players Defensive Withstand)
This formula takes into account various defensive actions such as steals and blocks, as well as the ability to disrupt the opponent's possession and withstand their offensive plays.
It's important to note that DER can be influenced by the defensive capabilities of a player's teammates. Additionally, defence can be challenging to track through statistics, and individual players' defensive contributions may be overlooked or undervalued in traditional box scores. For example, a player who effectively prevents their opponent from gaining possession may not record any blocks or steals but has nonetheless performed well defensively.
When calculating DER, it is also essential to consider the pace of play and the number of possessions. A faster-paced game may result in more points being scored, but this does not necessarily indicate greater defensive inefficiency. Therefore, DER should be considered in conjunction with other metrics, such as points scored or allowed per game, to gain a comprehensive understanding of a team's defensive performance.
By calculating DER and understanding its implications, coaches and analysts can gain valuable insights into the defensive effectiveness of individual players and teams, enabling them to make informed decisions and strategic adjustments.
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Calculating Efficiency (EFF)
Efficiency in basketball is measured in several ways, with the NBA tracking individual efficiency in four ways: Efficiency (EFF), Player Efficiency Rating (PER), Offensive Efficiency Rating (OER), and Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER). This answer will focus on calculating Efficiency (EFF).
EFF is a metric that provides a quick way to determine a player's total value to a basketball team. It is calculated by adding up all of the production stats (points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks) and subtracting all missed shots (field goals and free throws) and turnovers. This total is then divided by games played.
One drawback of EFF is that it is heavily focused on offensive performance and does not provide a comprehensive evaluation of a player's defensive capabilities. This is a common issue with basketball efficiency metrics, as defence is challenging to track through statistics.
Another variation of the EFF calculation is to divide by minutes played, as seen in the following formula:
Points + Rebounds + Assists + Steals + Blocks) - (Missed Field Goals + Missed Free Throws + Turnovers) / Minutes Played
This formula was used by the Dallas Mavericks to evaluate Kyle Collinsworth, and it is also used by many college recruits to showcase their efficiency despite limited playing time.
While EFF provides a quick way to compare players, it does not consider the pace of the game or the number of possessions, which can vary between teams and impact a player's statistics. As such, it may not provide a complete picture of a player's efficiency or value.
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Adjusting for pace and team performance
When it comes to basketball efficiency, pace and team performance are crucial factors that can provide valuable insights into past games and predictions for future ones.
Adjusting for Pace
Pace refers to the speed at which a basketball game is played, and it can vary significantly between teams and even within the same team across different games. It is typically measured in possessions per 48 minutes, with each possession representing a change in control of the ball from one team to another. The pace of a game can be influenced by the playing style of the teams involved, with some teams favouring a slower, more methodical approach, while others prefer a faster, more dynamic style of play.
To adjust for pace when calculating basketball efficiency, it is important to consider the average pace of the two teams involved. This can be done by computing the average pace of each team individually and then finding the average of those two values. Additionally, there are several models for predicting the pace of a particular game, such as the 'max model', which assumes the pace will be dictated by the faster team, and the 'min model', which assumes the pace will be set by the slower team.
Adjusting for Team Performance
Team performance adjustments consider the strength of a team's opponents and the difficulty of their schedule. Raw team rankings provide an aggregate calculation of a team's performance over all available games in a season. However, these rankings can be misleading if the team has only played weaker or stronger opponents. To address this, adjustments can be made to account for the schedule of opponents, which provides a more accurate assessment of a team's performance relative to the competition they have faced.
Additionally, when evaluating individual player efficiency, it is important to consider the team's overall performance. This is because certain efficiency metrics, such as Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER), rely on the collective defensive capabilities of the team. As such, a player's DER may be higher if their teammates are strong defenders, even if their individual defensive skills are lacking.
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