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Basketball is a game that involves a lot of statistics, which are used to evaluate a player's or team's performance. One such statistic is the Free Throw Percentage (FT%). This is calculated by dividing the number of free throws made by a player by the number of free throws attempted. This is one of the key statistics used to evaluate a player's performance, along with Effective Field Goal Percentage (eFG%), which gives more credit to made 3-point field goals as they yield 1.5 times the scoring of a 2-point field goal.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Free Throw Percentage | FT/FTA |
| Field Goal Percentage | FG/FGA |
| Effective Field Goal Percentage | (FG + 0.5 * 3P) / FGA |
| Game Score | PTS + 0.4 * FG - 0.7 * FGA - 0.4*(FTA - FT) + 0.7 * ORB + 0.3 * DRB + STL + 0.7 * AST + 0.7 * BLK - 0.4 * PF - TOV |
| Player Efficiency Rating | A rating developed by ESPN.com columnist John Hollinger |
| True Shooting Percentage | PTS / (2 * TSA) |
| Turnover Percentage | 100 * TOV / (FGA + 0.44 * FTA + TOV) |
| Total Rebound Percentage | 100 * (TRB * (Tm MP / 5)) / (MP * (Tm TRB + Opp TRB)) |
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What You'll Learn
Free Throw Percentage (FT%)
Free throws are an important aspect of basketball, providing players with an opportunity to score points without opposition from the other team. A player is awarded free throws when the opposing team commits a foul or violation during gameplay. The player taking the free throw must stand behind the free-throw line, which is located at a distance of 15 feet from the backboard, and attempt to shoot the basketball through the hoop.
FT% is a useful metric for assessing a player's proficiency in capitalizing on these scoring opportunities. It provides insight into a player's ability to convert free throws into points, which can significantly impact the outcome of a game. A higher FT% indicates greater accuracy and consistency in converting free throws.
In addition to individual player analysis, FT% can also be calculated for an entire team. This allows for comparisons between different teams and can be indicative of overall team performance and strategy. Teams with higher FT% values tend to be more efficient in maximizing their scoring chances, particularly when it comes to converting fouls and violations into points.
FT% is often included in basketball box scores and statistical analyses, along with other metrics such as field goal percentage (FG%) and three-point field goal percentage (3P%). These statistics collectively contribute to a comprehensive understanding of player and team performance, helping coaches, analysts, and fans evaluate various aspects of the game.
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Player Efficiency Rating (PER)
The PER metric is averaged over a player's entire career, so a decline in performance later in their career can lower their ranking. For instance, Michael Jordan's PER decreased in his final two seasons when he returned to play with the Washington Wizards.
The league-average PER is consistently set at 15.00, providing a reference point for comparing player performance across different seasons. For instance, a player with a PER of 7.18 in the 2006-07 season would be considered considerably worse than most players in the league. To achieve a league-average PER of 15.00, a player would need a break-even shooting percentage of 48.5%.
PER has been criticised for potentially overvaluing players who contribute in limited minutes or against weaker opposition, and undervaluing versatile players who can handle starter's minutes. Additionally, it has been argued that PER rewards inefficient shooting and may not accurately reflect a player's defensive abilities.
Despite these limitations, PER remains a widely used metric in the NBA, with players like Nikola Jokić, LeBron James, Giannis Antetokounmpo, and Shaquille O'Neal achieving notable PER scores.
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Effective Field Goal Percentage (eFG%)
> eFG% = (FG + 0.5 * 3P) / FGA
In this formula, FG represents all field goals made, 3P represents 3-point field goals made, and FGA represents all field goal attempts. This formula gives more credit to made 3-point field goals since they yield 1.5 times the scoring of a 2-point field goal.
For example, consider two players with the same number of field goal attempts and points from field goals. If one player made 4 out of 10 field goals, including 2 three-pointers, and the other player made 5 out of 10 field goals with no three-pointers, they would have the same field goal percentage (FG% = FG / FGA). However, when considering eFG%, the first player's percentage would be higher because of the additional value attributed to three-point shots.
The eFG% metric is valuable for evaluating the performance of players or teams in terms of their effectiveness in both 2-point and 3-point shooting. It provides a more comprehensive understanding of a player's shooting ability by taking into account the added difficulty and reward of three-point shots.
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Game Score (GmSc)
The Game Score takes every statistic listed on a player's box score into account. Where most players are judged only on scoring ability, Game Score includes other contributions such as rebounds, steals, blocks, turnovers, and other actions. It is intended for use in a single game. It represents a parallel number but an alternative to points scored. A Game Score of 40 is considered an outstanding performance, while 10 is an average performance.
The formula for Game Score is as follows:
> Game Score = Points Scored + (0.4 x Field Goals) – (0.7 x Field Goal Attempts) – (0.4 x (Free Throw Attempts – Free Throws)) + (0.7 x Offensive Rebounds) + (0.3 x Defensive Rebounds) + Steals + (0.7 x Assists) + (0.7 x Blocks) – (0.4 x Personal Fouls) – Turnovers
This formula does not make any adjustments for team pace like the PER does. It simply adds and subtracts the box score statistics according to the weights chosen by Hollinger.
Another way to calculate a player's efficiency is with the following formula:
> Effic = Pts + Rebs + Ast + Stl + Blk (TO + FG Misses + FT Misses)
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True Shooting Percentage (TS%)
> TS% = PTS / (2 * TSA)
Where PTS is the total points scored, and TSA is the total shooting attempts. This can also be calculated using the formula:
> TS%=0.5*(Total Points)/{(Total Field Goal Attempts) + 0.44*(Total Free Throw Attempts)}
The 0.44 multiplier in the second formula estimates all free throws that take up possessions.
TS% is intended to provide a more accurate measure of a player's shooting than field goal percentage, free throw percentage, or three-point field goal percentage taken individually. A higher TS% generally indicates a more efficient scorer, while a lower TS% indicates a less efficient scorer. It is a useful metric for comparing players with varying responsibilities and shooting abilities on the floor.
Some players in the NBA are known for their consistently high TS%. For example, Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors has a career true shooting percentage of 62.6%, making him one of the most efficient scorers in NBA history.
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Frequently asked questions
FT stands for Free Throw.
Free Throw Percentage (FT%) is calculated by dividing the number of free throws made by the number of free throws attempted.
The formula for FT% is FT / FTA.
PER is a rating developed by ESPN columnist John Hollinger. It sums up all of a player's positive accomplishments, subtracts the negative ones, and returns a per-minute rating of their performance.
