Ayrton Oneill
Hydraulic steering systems are a reliable, low-maintenance option for boat owners. They are made up of three components: a pump with an integral reservoir for hydraulic oil, a ram that connects to a rudder or outboard engine, and connecting lines that transmit inputs from the steering pump to the steering ram. The BayStar hydraulic steering kit from SeaStar Solutions is a popular choice for those looking to upgrade their steering system. It is suitable for outboards of up to 150 hp and is one of the least expensive ways to upgrade. The process of installing hydraulic steering involves removing the cable system, pulling the hydraulic tubes, installing the cylinder, creating holes for the helm, connecting the tubing to the helm, and filling and bleeding the system. It is important to carefully follow the manufacturer's instructions to avoid dangerous problems with the boat's steering.
What You'll Learn
The main components of a hydraulic steering system
A hydraulic steering system is made up of three main components: a pump with an integral reservoir for hydraulic oil, a ram that connects to a rudder or outboard engine, and connecting lines that transmit inputs from the steering pump to the steering ram.
The pump is the helm, which is made up of a hydraulic pump and valves. When the steering wheel is turned, the pump is activated, and a swash plate presses on small piston pumps. The helm is responsible for converting the rotating motion of the steering wheel into a push-pull action on the cable, which directs the rudder to move left or right to steer the boat. Most helms are rotary and use gears to move the rudder.
The ram is the cylinder, which moves when fluid is pumped from the helm after the wheel is turned. The cylinder acts between two points on the outboard and doesn't exert any force on the hull or deck. The cylinder is made up of a ram, bored cylinder and hardware.
The connecting lines are the hydraulic hoses that carry fluid from the helm to the cylinder and back.
Other components of a hydraulic steering system include:
- A steering wheel
- Two hydraulic hoses
- An engine-mounted steering bracket
- A steering mechanism
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How to install a hydraulic steering system
Upgrading your boat's steering system can be a straightforward job and is certainly worth the time, effort, and money. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to install a hydraulic steering system.
Step 1: Remove the Mechanical Helm
First, remove the steering wheel and the helm steering unit. Keep an eye out for the woodruff key on the steering column, which can easily be lost. Then, remove the steering cable from the helm unit.
Step 2: Remove the Mechanical Steering
Disconnect the drag link from the steering cable, then remove the drag link and pull the steering cable from the tilt tube. Clean the inside of the tilt tube, removing any old grease and inspecting for corrosion before re-greasing.
Step 3: Install the Hydraulic Steering
Connect the hydraulic steering cylinder to the tilt tube and the tiller arm. Ensure the kit includes a tiller bolt and nyloc nut, as these are the only components keeping the outboard in place.
Step 4: Install the Hydraulic Helm
Drill new holes for the mounting bolts of the hydraulic helm. You may also need to cut a wider central hole for the helm to fit through. Use a paper template to simplify this process, and remember to always measure twice and cut once.
Step 5: Install the Hydraulic Lines
Connect the hydraulic lines to the helm unit, ensuring they are labelled correctly. It may be easier to connect the pipes before attaching the helm to the dash. Keep the end caps on until you are ready to connect them to prevent debris from entering.
Step 6: Bleed the Hydraulic System
Connect a fill pipe to the helm unit and add hydraulic fluid. Then, open the bleed valve and turn the wheel until there are no more bubbles in the fluid. Close the valve and repeat for the other side. Continue topping off the fluid and bleeding the system until there is no air left.
Step 7: Check the Hydraulic Steering System
Rotate the wheel and observe the engine. There should be an immediate response in engine movement. If there is a delay or excessive play, check for leaks and ensure there is no air left in the system.
Step 8: Enjoy Your Hydraulic Steering Upgrade
With your new hydraulic steering system installed, you can expect smoother and more effortless steering. Remember to perform regular maintenance and inspections to keep your system in top condition.
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How to maintain a hydraulic steering system
Hydraulic steering systems are so reliable that they often go overlooked when it comes to boat maintenance. However, it is important to regularly maintain them to ensure they remain in good working order. Here is a detailed guide on how to maintain a hydraulic steering system.
Annual Inspection
An annual inspection of your hydraulic steering system is recommended by experts. Start at the helm, where the oil reservoir is located. Check the hydraulic seals on the ram by turning the wheel lock to lock and looking for fluid on the shaft. If you see any fluid, wipe it with a rag and check again as you turn through a steering cycle. If the shaft is wet, the seals are leaking and need to be replaced. Also, check the shaft for any pitting, a sign of corrosion that will cause hydraulic fluid to leak out of the cylinder.
Check the Hydraulic Oil
Remove the vented cap on the hydraulic reservoir and take a sample of the oil. Hydraulic steering fluid should be clear, mostly odourless, and light-coloured. If the oil looks black or smells bad, the entire system should be flushed, and the oil replaced. Abrasive dirt is the biggest killer of hydraulic systems, so if you see any contaminants in the oil sample, the system should be flushed. Replace the hydraulic oil every five years, including thoroughly bleeding the system to remove air bubbles.
Check for Fluid Around the Helm
Spend a moment at the helm to check for any oil visible around the seals behind the wheel. If the wheel feels spongy when turned, there may be air in the system, which will need to be bled out. A spongy wheel may also indicate a leak in the ram or steering pump. If you previously had three-and-a-half turns lock to lock, and now it's five turns, you definitely have a leak.
Check Hoses and Connections
Check the hoses and connections between the helm and the ram with a clean rag to locate any leaks. The nylon plastic hoses that snake their way aft to the steering ram can get brittle and crack over time, so ensure they are intact. It is also important to check that the hydraulic fluid in the helm pump is at the correct level.
Other Maintenance Tips
- Every six months or 100 miles, check that all the fittings and fasteners are tight.
- Every 12 months or 200 miles, remove the steering support rod from the tilt tube, and clean and re-grease the rod and tube.
- Grease the tiller bolt and the support bracket that holds the support rod and steering cylinder.
- If your boat is not going to be used for a season, remove the cable output from the tube and store it separately.
- If you are experiencing stiff steering, inspect the hoses and connection points to the motor cylinder and pump for any sign of fluid leaking.
- After 100 hours or every six months, confirm the tightness of all nuts and bolts in the system.
- Check for any excess play in the system—1/8” max.
- Look for any signs of corrosion, which may require professional intervention.
By following these maintenance procedures, you can help ensure your boat's hydraulic steering system remains smooth and trouble-free.
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How to identify and fix leaks in a hydraulic steering system
Hydraulic steering systems are reliable and widespread, but they are not perfect and can develop leaks. Here is a guide on how to identify and fix leaks in a hydraulic steering system:
Identifying Leaks
An annual inspection of your hydraulic steering system is recommended, and more frequently if you suspect a problem. Start by checking the seals on the ram, especially if your boat is open to the elements. The shaft should be dry; if it is wet, wipe it with a rag and check again as you turn the wheel. If the shaft is wet, the seals are leaking and need replacing. Check the shaft for pitting, a sign of corrosion that will cause hydraulic fluid to leak from the cylinder.
Remove the cap from the hydraulic reservoir and check the oil. It should be clear, mostly odourless, and light-coloured. If it is black or smells bad, it needs to be replaced. If it is contaminated with dirt, the system should be flushed and the oil replaced.
Spend some time at the helm. If the wheel feels spongy, there may be air in the system, which needs to be bled out. If the number of turns of the wheel lock-to-lock has increased, this could be a sign of a leak. Oil doesn't evaporate, so if you need to add oil to the reservoir, there is a leak.
Fixing Leaks
Check the hoses and connections between the helm and the ram with a clean rag. The nylon hoses can get brittle and crack over time, and the flexible rubber hoses are most exposed to the elements, so check them carefully. If you find a leak, wipe it dry and check again after turning the wheel.
Preventing Leaks
Regular maintenance is critical for preventing leaks. Check your power steering fluid level often and top it up if necessary, being careful not to overfill the reservoir. Use the correct type of fluid for your vehicle, as recommended by the manufacturer.
When to Seek Professional Help
If you notice any problems with your car's steering and handling, book it in to get checked at a garage right away. A professional mechanic can conduct a thorough inspection of your power steering system and accurately diagnose the issue. They can also advise on whether a repair or replacement is needed and carry out the work to ensure your vehicle is safe to drive.
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The pros and cons of hydraulic steering systems
Hydraulic steering systems have been a popular choice for boats for many years. They are reliable, widespread, and offer a range of benefits over mechanical steering systems. However, they also have some potential drawbacks.
Pros
Hydraulic steering systems provide superior control over your boat, allowing for precise and smooth steering. This makes it easier to manoeuvre in tight spaces or choppy waters, which is particularly beneficial for larger boats that require more force to turn. The quick response time and smooth handling also make hydraulic steering ideal for outboards, inboards, or stern drive boats.
Upgrading to a hydraulic steering system can remedy common handling problems, such as torque steering, steering bias, and heavy steering. Hydraulic steering eliminates the mechanical link between the outboard and the steering wheel, preventing torque steer and steering bias caused by a corroded or non-lubricated cable. Additionally, hydraulic systems multiply the force applied to the steering wheel, making it easier to turn high-horsepower outboards.
Hydraulic steering systems are also durable and reliable, requiring less maintenance than other steering systems. They have a low risk of corrosion due to their use of fewer metal parts. The systems are simple, with just three main components: a pump with an integral reservoir for hydraulic oil, a ram connected to the rudder or outboard engine, and connecting lines that transmit inputs from the steering pump to the ram.
Cons
One of the main drawbacks of hydraulic steering systems is the cost. They are more expensive than other steering options, although the benefits are considered to be significant.
Additionally, while hydraulic steering systems are durable, they are not maintenance-free. They require regular inspections and maintenance to ensure optimal performance. This includes checking for leaks, corrosion, and contamination in the hydraulic oil.
Another potential issue is the complexity of the installation process. While it is possible to install a hydraulic steering system as a DIY project, it requires careful measurements, drilling, and positioning. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and use the supplied hardware to ensure the system can handle the expected loads.
In conclusion, hydraulic steering systems offer increased control, manoeuvrability, and reduced operator fatigue. However, they come at a higher cost and require regular maintenance to keep them in optimal condition.
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Frequently asked questions
Hydraulic steering uses a lightweight hydraulic hose to control the steering, offering a smooth, lightweight feel when turning the wheel. It has fewer metal parts than a mechanical system, making it more resistant to corrosion. Hydraulic steering can deal with all torque conditions and may only require a small amount of force to operate.
There are two main parts: the helm and the cylinder. The helm is made up of a hydraulic pump and valves, which activate when the wheel is turned. The cylinder moves when fluid is pumped from the helm, acting between two points on the outboard. The hydraulic hose carries the fluid between the helm and the cylinder.
Hydraulic steering is typically used for mid to high horsepower outboard motors and boats over 10 metres in length. It is recommended for larger boats moving at high speeds, as it can be difficult to manoeuvre these vessels with mechanical steering.
Hydraulic steering requires less maintenance than mechanical steering and provides a smoother, more lightweight steering experience. It is also more resistant to corrosion due to having fewer metal parts.
First, ensure your boat's motor is mounted correctly according to the manufacturer's instructions. Then, follow the installation instructions provided by the hydraulic steering kit manufacturer. You may need tools such as a gear puller, wrench set, power drill, jigsaw, and hydraulic fluid.
