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In basketball, free throws or foul shots are attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free-throw line. Free throws are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team, or in the case of technical fouls. In the NBA, the average player makes 70-80% of their attempts. The number of free throws awarded depends on the situation, and players can be awarded between one and three. In the case of three free throws, this is known as a three-point or four-point play, depending on the value of the shot made. Interestingly, it wasn't until the 2020s that the NBA started awarding three free throws when a player was fouled shooting a three-pointer.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| When were three free throws introduced in basketball? | The NBA introduced three-pointers in the 1979-1980 season. However, they only allowed three free throws during a foul on a three-pointer in the following season. |
| What are free throws in basketball? | Free throws or foul shots are unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free-throw line. |
| When is a free throw awarded? | Free throws are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team. They are also awarded in the case of technical fouls and when the fouling team has entered the bonus/penalty situation. |
| How many free throws can be awarded? | Depending on the situation, a player may be awarded between one and three free throws. |
| What is the value of a successful free throw? | Each successful free throw is worth one point. |
| What is the free throw percentage in the NBA? | In the NBA, most players make 70–80% of their free-throw attempts. |
| What are some strategies involving free throws? | Trailing teams may intentionally foul late in a close game to stop the clock and get a chance to take possession. Leading teams may substitute players with high free-throw percentages to counter this strategy. |
| Are there any specific rules regarding free throws? | Yes, there are various rules outlined in the NBA rulebook, such as the positioning of players during free-throw attempts and penalties for violations. |
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What You'll Learn
The NBA's adoption of the 3-pointer in 1979-1980
The NBA's adoption of the 3-pointer in the 1979-1980 season was met with doubt and disdain by many teams and players, who viewed the shot as a "publicity stunt" or a "gimmick". The 3-pointer itself was not a new concept, having been introduced by the American Basketball League (ABL) in 1961 and later adopted by the American Basketball Association (ABA) in the 1967-68 season. However, when the NBA acquired the ABA in 1976, they initially chose not to implement the 3-pointer. It wasn't until three years later that the NBA introduced the 3-point line, making it a permanent part of the game after a one-year trial.
The first 3-pointer in NBA history was made by Boston Celtic Chris Ford, with Brian Taylor leading the league in 3-point makes and attempts (90/239). In the beginning, the 3-pointer had minimal impact on the game, with teams taking less than three 3-pointers per game and making only 26% of their attempts during the first five seasons. It took time for the 3-point shot to gain widespread acceptance and utilization, with attempts slowly rising over the years.
The introduction of the 3-pointer in the NBA was met with mixed reactions. Some, like Franklin Mieuli, the then-owner of the Golden State Warriors, called the rule change "immoral," predicting a negative impact on the league. Others, like Red Auerbach of the Boston Celtics, considered it a "gimmick" and a "novelty." Coaches and players alike initially dismissed the 3-pointer, with Larry Bird recalling that his coach, Bill Fitch, spent little time discussing or game-planning for the shot during training camp.
Despite the initial resistance, the 3-pointer would go on to have a lasting impact on the NBA, changing the way the game was played. Over time, teams began to recognize the value of the 3-pointer, incorporating it into their offensive strategies. By the 2021-22 season, NBA teams were taking an average of 35.1 3-point attempts per game, showcasing the evolution of the game and the growing importance of shooting ability.
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The introduction of free throws
Free throws, or foul shots, are unopposed attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free-throw line. They are generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team, or in the case of technical fouls. The number of free throws awarded can vary between one and three, depending on the situation. Each successful free throw is worth one point.
In the NBA, most players make 70-80% of their free-throw attempts. However, the pressure of these crucial moments can impact a player's ability to make the shot, and teams may substitute players with high free-throw percentages when they are leading late in games.
The rules around free throws have evolved over time. In NCAA men's basketball, for example, the number of free throws awarded depends on the number of fouls committed in a half. Beginning with the seventh foul, one free throw is awarded, and if the player makes it, another is given, known as a "one-and-one". From the tenth foul onwards, two free throws are awarded.
Interestingly, it took some time for the NBA to introduce three free throws for fouls on three-pointers. Prior to the 1994-95 season, only two free throws were awarded in this situation. This rule change was prompted by an incident in the 1993-94 season when the Knicks trailed by three points in the closing seconds of Game 3. The Rockets' Hakeem Olajuwon fouled the Knicks' John Starks while he was attempting a three-pointer. Starks made both free throws, but the Rockets still won the game. Recognising the potential impact of this rule, the NBA changed it for the following season.
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Rules regarding free throws and penalties
Free throws, or foul shots, are attempts to score points by shooting from behind the free-throw line, with no opposition. They are generally awarded when a foul is committed on the shooter by the opposing team, but they can also be awarded in other situations, such as technical fouls. The number of free throws awarded can vary between one and three, depending on the situation. Each successful free throw is worth one point.
In the NBA, most players make 70-80% of their attempts. However, the league's best shooters, such as Stephen Curry, have a free-throw percentage of over 90%. Before the 1954-55 season, the NBA established a rule that a backcourt foul would result in a "three to make two" situation if the violating team exceeded the team foul limit. By 1979, this rule had been extended to include flagrant fouls and fouls made during shooting.
In NCAA men's basketball, the number of free throws awarded depends on the number of fouls committed in a half. Beginning with the seventh foul, one free throw is awarded, and if the player makes it, they are given another attempt. This is known as a "one-and-one". From the tenth foul onwards, two free throws are awarded. Overtime is considered an extension of the second half when it comes to accumulated team fouls.
There are several rules and penalties regarding the free-throw shooter and their teammates. The shooter must release the ball within five seconds (or ten seconds in the US) and must not step on or over the free-throw line until the ball touches the hoop. Violation of this rule results in the cancellation of the free throw. If a violation is committed by the defensive team, a substitute free throw is awarded if the shooter misses. If the offensive team violates the rule or the shot completely misses the hoop, the defensive team gains possession.
Additionally, during all free-throw attempts, no opponent should disconcert the shooter once the ball is at their disposal. Acts of disconcertion include waving arms, making sudden movements, or talking in a loud, disruptive manner. If an opponent violates this rule, a substitute free throw is awarded.
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The impact of fouls on scoring
Fouls have a significant impact on scoring in basketball, and they can be a deciding factor in the outcome of a game. When a player is fouled, they are awarded free throws, which are attempts to score points by shooting unopposed from behind the free-throw line. The number of free throws awarded depends on the type of foul and the circumstances in which it occurred.
Personal fouls, which involve illegal personal contact or unsportsmanlike conduct, often result in free throws for the fouled player. The number of free throws awarded depends on the type of shot the player was attempting when the foul occurred. If a player is fouled while shooting a two-point shot, they will typically receive two free throws. If they are fouled while shooting a three-point shot, they may receive three free throws. In some leagues, such as the NBA, there is also the concept of "bonus" or "penalty" situations. Once a team exceeds a certain number of fouls in a quarter or half, the fouled player is awarded free throws regardless of the type of foul.
Fouls can also be used strategically by teams to influence the score and control the pace of the game. For example, a trailing team may intentionally foul late in a close game to stop the clock and gain possession of the ball. While this gives the leading team an opportunity to increase their lead through free throws, it also allows the trailing team a chance to regain possession if the second free throw is missed. Additionally, if a team is leading by three points and there are only a few seconds left in the game, they may intentionally foul the opposing team to prevent them from attempting a game-tying three-pointer.
The introduction of fouls and free throws has had a significant impact on the strategy and dynamics of basketball. It has added an extra layer of complexity to the game, requiring players and coaches to carefully consider their actions and make strategic decisions. Additionally, fouls can affect a team's momentum and morale, as they can disrupt their flow and focus, especially if they result in player ejections or changes in possession.
While fouls and free throws have become an integral part of basketball strategy, there have been criticisms and discussions about the balance of their impact on the game. Some argue that the value of certain fouls, such as three-point fouls, may be too high and could encourage specific strategies that take advantage of the rules. Adjustments to the rules regarding fouls and free throws have been made over time to address these concerns and ensure a fair and competitive game.
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Strategies for late-game situations
Late-game situations in basketball can be tense and exciting, and a well-prepared team will have a strategy in place to ensure the best chance of success. Here are some strategies to consider when down by three points in the closing stages of a game:
Know Your Personnel
It's important to know your players and their strengths. Identify your "go-to" player, and also your "next best" option if the defense covers your primary choice. Know your best ball handlers and passers, and who can make those crucial free throws. Be aware of which players are most comfortable with "time and score" situations and who has the most poise and experience.
Scouting and Preparation
Study your opposition. Through scouting, you may identify patterns in what the opposing coach likes to run in late-game situations. Be prepared to change defenses or coverages if a particular player or action is causing your team problems. Ensure your players are equipped to switch screens in an emergency.
Clock Management
The clock is crucial in late-game situations. When ahead, the game clock is your ally, but you must use it wisely. Keep it running and do not stop it unless in serious trouble. Coaches may opt to spread the court on offense to use time and limit the opposition's possessions. However, be sure to continue attacking the basket. When trailing, you may need to foul to stop the clock, but be aware of the number of team fouls and timeouts remaining.
Foul Strategy
Fouling is a common tactic in late-game situations. A defensive team leading by three may foul an offensive team late in the game if the game clock is running down. When fouling, substitute players who can afford to foul to avoid losing key players through disqualification. Be aware that fouling a three-point shooter gives up a valuable three-point play, so consider conceding the shot instead.
Offensive Options
If there are only eight seconds or less remaining, take the three-point shot. If possible, hold for the last shot and aim to get it off with around four or five seconds left, giving you time for an offensive rebound and a second shot. If you have an outstanding outside shooter, you can try an "inside-out" play, drawing the defense inside before kicking out to your shooter.
Defensive Focus
When defending, pressure all three-point shots with both hands up high. Use a half-court press to defend against fast breaks and slow the game tempo. Box out and rebound, denying the opposition second efforts.
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Frequently asked questions
The NBA started giving three free throws when fouled shooting a three in 1994, fifteen years after the 3-pointer was adopted for the 1979-1980 season.
A free throw in basketball is an unopposed attempt to score points by shooting from behind the free-throw line. Each successful free throw is worth one point.
A free throw is generally awarded after a foul on the shooter by the opposing team, analogous to a penalty shot in other team sports. They are also awarded in the case of technical fouls, and when the fouling team has entered the bonus/penalty situation.
A trailing team might choose to intentionally foul late in a close game to stop the clock and get a chance to take possession. While this allows the leading team to shoot free throws and increase their lead, if the second free throw is missed, the trailing team can take possession.
The "high five" became popular in the NBA around the time Steve Nash was noted for slapping hands a lot and winning MVPs.
