
Points per Possession (PPP) is an advanced statistic in basketball that measures a player's scoring efficiency, or how productive they are when they possess the ball. PPP is calculated by dividing the number of points by the number of possessions. The formula for accurately measuring the total number of possessions is POSSt = FGAt + 0.44 x FTAt - OREBt + TO. This formula helps to account for offensive rebounds and free throw attempts, which can extend possessions. PPP can be further broken down into specific situations, such as isolation plays or pick-and-rolls, to provide more context on a player's performance. While PPP is a useful metric, it does not consider all factors that contribute to a team's success, such as rebounds and interceptions.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Purpose | To evaluate a player's scoring efficiency and productivity when they possess the ball |
| Formula | Points ÷ (Field Goal Attempts + (0.44 x Free Throw Attempts) + Turnovers) |
| Benefits | High scoring power forwards, centers, or spot-up shooters who rarely lead the offense |
| Drawbacks | Does not account for possessions gained through rebounds, interceptions, etc., unfairly penalizing point guards and ball-handling guards |
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What You'll Learn
- Points per 100 possessions: (Points scored * 100) / Possessions
- Calculating total possessions: Possessions + OREBts
- Points per possession formula: Pts / (FGAt + 0.44 x FTAt – OREBt + TO)
- Player evaluation metric: an indicator of an individual's efficiency
- Benefits high scorers: players who shoot minimally but hit three-pointers

Points per 100 possessions: (Points scored * 100) / Possessions
Points per possession (PPP) is a metric used in basketball to evaluate a player's scoring efficiency. It is calculated by dividing the total points scored by the number of possessions. This can be further extended to calculate points per 100 possessions, which provides a more standardised metric that is useful for comparing players across different teams and seasons.
The formula for calculating points per 100 possessions is: (Points scored * 100) / Possessions. This formula normalises the data by considering how many points a player scores per 100 possessions, rather than per game. This is particularly useful when comparing players who play different amounts of time or on teams with different playing styles.
For example, let's consider Kevin Durant's 2011-12 season. He averaged 28 points per game, but his team, Oklahoma City, played at a pace of 93 possessions per game. To calculate his points per 100 possessions, we can use the following steps:
- First, we calculate his average points per 48 minutes: 28 points per game * (48 minutes / 38.6 minutes) = 34.8 points per 48 minutes.
- Next, we divide his points per 48 minutes by the team's average possessions per game: 34.8 points per 48 minutes * (100 possessions / 93 possessions) = 37.4 points per 100 possessions.
So, for the 2011-12 season, Kevin Durant averaged 37.4 points per 100 possessions. This metric provides a more accurate representation of his scoring efficiency when compared to his average of 28 points per game.
It's important to note that PPP has some limitations. It does not account for possessions gained through rebounds, interceptions, or the creation of scoring opportunities for teammates. As a result, players who excel in these areas may not be fully credited for their contributions through PPP. Additionally, certain positions, such as point guards, may be unfairly penalised due to their higher turnover rates.
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Calculating total possessions: Possessions + OREBts
To accurately calculate the total number of possessions in a basketball game, the formula Possessions + OREBts is used. This formula provides an accurate count of total "plays" or possessions. The formula takes into account the number of offensive rebounds (OREBts) and free throw attempts (FTAt) to determine the total possessions.
The number of possessions is a crucial metric in basketball analytics, as it helps evaluate a team's performance and pace of play. By understanding the total possessions, coaches and analysts can assess the efficiency of a team's offense and defense. Possessions are considered "plays" where a team has the opportunity to score or create scoring chances.
The formula Possessions + OREBts includes Offensive Rebounds (OREBts) because they directly impact the number of possessions. An offensive rebound occurs when an offensive player retrieves the ball after their team's missed shot attempt. This does not generate a new possession but is considered part of the same possession. Therefore, OREBts are added to the total possessions to account for these additional opportunities to score within a single possession.
Additionally, the formula considers Free Throw Attempts (FTAt) by multiplying them by a coefficient of 0.44. This coefficient represents the historical average of possessions used per free throw attempt. Not all free throw attempts end a possession, as there can be offensive rebounds or fouls during these attempts. By multiplying FTAt by 0.44, we can estimate the number of possessions used during free throw situations.
By utilising the formula Possessions + OREBts and considering the factors of offensive rebounds and free throw attempts, analysts can accurately determine the total possessions in a basketball game. This information is valuable for evaluating team performance, comparing pace across different games, and making strategic decisions to optimise scoring efficiency.
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Points per possession formula: Pts / (FGAt + 0.44 x FTAt – OREBt + TO)
Points per possession (PPP) is a metric used in basketball to evaluate a player's scoring efficiency and productivity when they possess the ball. It is calculated by dividing the total points scored by the total number of possessions.
The formula for calculating points per possession is:
Pts / (FGAt + 0.44 x FTAt - OREBt + TO)
Here's a breakdown of the formula:
- Pts refers to the total points scored by the player or team.
- FGAt stands for field goal attempts, which are attempts made by a player to score a field goal, including shots taken from anywhere on the court except for free throws.
- FTAt represents free throw attempts, which occur after a foul and provide the player with an opportunity to score one point from the free-throw line.
- OREBt stands for offensive rebounds, which occur when an offensive player retrieves the ball after a missed field goal or free throw by their team.
- TO represents turnovers, which happen when the team with the ball loses possession to the opposing team, often due to errors or violations.
By using this formula, analysts and coaches can gain insights into a player's or team's scoring efficiency. It provides a more nuanced understanding of performance by considering both the points scored and the possessions during which those points were accumulated.
While this formula offers a detailed perspective, it's worth noting that PPP has certain limitations. For instance, it doesn't account for possessions gained through rebounds, interceptions, or other indirect contributions like assists. As a result, players who excel in these areas may not receive full credit for their impact on the game through this specific statistic.
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Player evaluation metric: an indicator of an individual's efficiency
In basketball, a player's efficiency is a crucial indicator of their overall performance and impact on game outcomes. This concept, known as "Player Efficiency," is calculated using various metrics and statistical benchmarks. One of the widely used metrics is Points per Possession (PPP), which assesses an individual's efficiency and productivity when they possess the ball. PPP is calculated using the formula:
> Pts / (FGAt + 0.44 x FTAt - OREBt + TO)
Here, Pts refer to points scored, FGAt is field goal attempts, FTAt is free throw attempts, OREBt is offensive rebounds, and TO is turnovers. This formula helps evaluate a player's scoring efficiency by considering both field goals and free throws made.
Another critical metric in player evaluation is the Efficiency statistic (EFF). EFF is derived from basic individual statistics and considers both offensive and defensive contributions. The formula for calculating EFF is:
> (PTS + REB + AST + STL + BLK - Missed FG - Missed FT - TO) / GP
In this formula, PTS represent points, REB represents rebounds, AST represents assists, STL stands for steals, BLK denotes blocks, Missed FG and Missed FT are missed field goals and free throws, respectively, TO represents turnovers, and GP signifies games played.
While EFF provides a quick assessment of a player's efficiency, it is considered more offense-oriented. To address this, the Player Efficiency Rating (PER) was developed by ESPN basketball statistician John Hollinger. PER strives to measure a player's per-minute performance while adjusting for the varying styles of play among teams. The PER formula is more complex and takes into account positive and negative statistics, including field goals, free throws, 3-pointers, assists, rebounds, blocks, steals, missed shots, turnovers, and personal fouls.
PER has been widely used to compare players, with a PER of 15 considered average across the league. Notable players with exceptionally high PERs include Nikola Jokić, Michael Jordan, LeBron James, and Giannis Antetokounmpo.
In summary, Player Efficiency in basketball is evaluated through various metrics such as PPP, EFF, and PER. These indicators provide valuable insights into a player's performance, productivity, and overall impact on the game, helping coaches, analysts, and teams make informed decisions and comparisons.
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Benefits high scorers: players who shoot minimally but hit three-pointers
Points per Possession (PPP) is a metric used in basketball to evaluate a player's scoring efficiency and productivity when they possess the ball. PPP is calculated using the formula: Pts / (FGAt + 0.44 x FTAt - OREBt + TO). This formula helps to accurately measure the total number of possessions and determine a player's efficiency in scoring points during those possessions.
PPP benefits players who are high scorers with high efficiency, including high-scoring power forwards, centres, and spot-up shooters who may not frequently lead the offense or have control of the ball during possessions. Specifically, players with decent free-throw shooting percentages and those who score a significant number of three-pointers tend to rank very high in PPP.
For example, players like David West, Tim Duncan, Kevin Durant, and Kobe Bryant excel in free-throw production and three-point shooting, which contributes to their high PPP rankings. Kobe Bryant, in particular, is mentioned as a high-volume shooter and scorer, showcasing how PPP favours players with high scoring outputs.
The benefit of PPP for players who shoot minimally but hit three-pointers lies in its ability to recognise the productivity of such players. Unlike TS%, which previously penalised three-point shooters, PPP treats turnovers as missed field goals, acknowledging that turnovers result in lost possession and impact a player's overall efficiency. By valuing three-pointers and accounting for turnovers, PPP provides a more accurate representation of a player's scoring efficiency, especially for those who may not take many shots but make a high percentage of their three-point attempts.
In summary, PPP is advantageous for high scorers, including players who shoot a minimal number of shots but excel in making three-pointers. This statistic rewards players who maximise their scoring opportunities, even if they don't frequently control the ball or lead the offense.
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Frequently asked questions
PPP stands for Points per Possession, an advanced statistic that measures a player's scoring efficiency and productivity when they possess the ball.
PPP is useful because it considers all of the points a player produces, through field goals and free throws, and recognises the productivity of players who score three-pointers.
The formula for calculating PPP is: Points ÷ (Field Goal Attempts + (0.44 x Free Throw Attempts) + Turnovers).
PPP does not account for possessions that certain players create through rebounds, interceptions, and other methods. As such, players who gain more possessions for their teams may not be credited for their contributions.
PPP differs from TS% as it measures productivity in points rather than FGM, recognising players who score three-pointers.











































