Boat Buying: Inspecting For Quality

Buying a boat is a major purchase, and it's important to know what to look for when buying a used vessel. There are several ways to check if a boat is in good condition, from visual inspections and sea trials to surveys and title checks. A good first step is to ask the owner questions about the boat's history, usage, and any damage. It's also important to check the structural integrity of the boat, including the hull, engine, electrics, and safety equipment. A marine survey can be conducted by an experienced surveyor, who will provide an in-depth report on the condition of the boat. This can be costly but is worth it for peace of mind.

Check the hull for damage and repairs

Checking the hull of a boat is an important step in the boat inspection process. The hull is the "foundation" of the boat, so it is vital to check for any damage or repairs. Here are some detailed steps to follow when inspecting a boat's hull:

Outer Hull Inspection:

Begin by inspecting the outer hull for any signs of damage or repairs. Look for marks on the front and keel of the boat, which could indicate a hard grounding event. Check for any scrapes, scratches, or gouges on the hull, especially on the bottom or keel, as these could become problematic over time. Inspect the transom, which is where the outboard engine would typically be mounted. Tap on the transom in different locations and listen for a hollow sound, which could indicate that the transom is rotten.

Hull Integrity:

Check the hull integrity by taking the boat out on a sea trial. Look for a wave or create one, then drive over it and listen carefully. After landing, listen for any bulkheads squeaking and inspect for any loose screws. This will help identify any issues with the hull's structural integrity.

Hull Stringers:

Move to the inside of the boat and inspect the hull stringers, which provide structural strength to the hull. Use a hammer to knock on the stringers and listen for a solid thud, indicating their sturdiness. Well-connected stringers are crucial for the vessel's overall structural integrity.

Hull Compartments:

Open all hatches and inspect the hull compartments. Check the general condition of these compartments, including the wiring, hinges, and latches. Pay attention to how water will flow around the access points. Ensure that the compartments are designed to keep water out and maintain dry areas on the boat.

Hull Osmosis:

Inspect for osmosis, which is the formation of pockets of moisture between the layers of fibreglass and/or the gel coat layer. Osmosis appears as blisters or bumps on the hull's surface, usually below the waterline. While small osmosis blisters are common on older boats and may not affect the structure, larger blisters could require costly repairs and impact the boat's resale value.

Hull Cracks:

Carefully examine the hull for cracks, especially in the gel coat above and below the waterline. Multiple cracks in one area or radiating cracks could indicate structural damage or delamination. Cracks in the transom or hull may also suggest underlying issues.

Repairs and Refurbishments:

Look for signs of repairs or refurbishments, such as discoloured areas, scratches, or chunks of gel coat missing. These could indicate previous damage that has been fixed. While minor repairs may not impact the boat's performance, they can still affect its resale value.

Check the engine

Checking the engine is a vital step in inspecting a boat. Marine engines are expensive, and a thorough inspection can help identify any issues and avoid costly repairs. Here are some detailed steps to inspect the engine of a boat:

Visual Inspection

Begin by conducting a visual inspection of the engine. Remove the cowling and examine the engine for any signs of salt build-up, water markings, rust, or other visual indicators of damage or wear. Check the propeller for any dings, markings, or repairs. Inspect the lower unit, which connects the propeller to the engine, for any damage or impact marks. Look for paint chips or scratches that may indicate the unit has been dragged across the ground.

Check for Spark and Compression

Remove the spark plugs to inspect their condition and determine the age of the engine. Perform a spark test to ensure the ignition system is functioning properly and all cylinders are sparking. The compression test is crucial, as an engine without compression is worthless. Low compression may indicate that the engine is failing.

Engine Oil and Lubricant

Rust and Corrosion

Look for signs of rust around the engine, as this may indicate that the boat has been submerged in water for an extended period. Excessive corrosion on engine terminals or other metal components can also indicate exposure to saltwater.

Hoses, Belts, and Electrical Connections

Inspect the hoses, belts, and electrical connections such as spark plugs to ensure they are not cracked, worn, or frayed. Check the battery connections for corrosion, and ensure they are tight, clean, and properly organised.

Listen to the Engine

Listen carefully to the sound of the engine as it is turned on and while it is running. You can do this during a sea trial or at the dock. Pay attention to any excessive noise, vibrations, or unusual or rough sounds, as these could indicate engine problems.

Engine History and Fault Codes

If the engine is relatively modern, it may have the ability to store run history and fault codes. This information can provide valuable insights into how the engine was used and maintained. You can review the RPM ranges at which the engine was operated and the total engine hours.

By following these steps and conducting a thorough inspection of the engine, you can make an informed decision about the condition and reliability of the boat.

Check the boat's systems

Checking a boat's systems is a vital step in the process of buying a boat. Here are some key things to look out for when inspecting the systems of a boat:

Engine and Electrics

The engine is one of the most important parts of a boat, so it is crucial to give it a thorough inspection. Check the oil by pulling out the dipstick to ensure it does not have a milky residue, which could indicate water ingress. Look for rust around the engine, as this could be a sign that the boat has been submerged in water for an extended period. Inspect the hoses, belts, and electrical connections such as spark plugs, to ensure they are not cracked or worn.

Listen to the sound of the engine when it is turned on and while running, both at the dock and during a sea trial. Listen for excessive noise, vibrations, or unusual or rough sounds. Check the engine's run history and fault codes if the boat is less than 20 years old. This information can provide valuable insights into how the engine was run and maintained.

Fuel Tank

Inspect the fuel tank access port to ensure it is clean and free of sludge, slime, dirt, and corrosion buildup. A well-maintained fuel tank is crucial to avoid unpleasant fuel smells and the costly process of pressure testing, repairing, or replacing the tank.

Wiring

Examine the boat's wiring system, looking for any signs of a "rat's nest." Ensure that all connections are secure, clean, and properly organised. Check for loose connections, cuts, and frays, including under the dash if possible. Inspect the battery for any signs of corrosion, and ensure it is tightly connected.

Electronics

Consider the age and condition of the boat's electronics. If the screens are illegible, you may need to factor in the cost of replacing them. Outdated electronics may also need an upgrade to ensure they meet your needs.

Safety Equipment

Check that the boat has all the necessary safety equipment, including in-date flares (handheld and aerial), a sound-producing device, personal flotation devices (PFDs) for each person on board, throwable devices for overboard situations, and fire extinguishers. Ensure that the boat has adequate ventilation and that all ducts are clear of debris.

Documentation

Review essential documentation, including the certificate of number, current registration decal, owner contact information, accident report form, and operating manuals for the engine, radio, and other essential equipment.

Marine Survey

While the above checklist covers many important aspects, it is highly recommended to engage a professional marine surveyor to conduct a comprehensive inspection and provide a detailed report on the condition of the boat. This can help identify potential issues and provide valuable negotiation leverage for a better price.

Remember, a boat is a significant investment, so taking the time to thoroughly check its systems and components is crucial to ensure you make a well-informed decision.

Check safety features

Checking a boat's safety features is crucial before purchase, and a thorough inspection is necessary to ensure it is in good condition and safe for use. Here are some detailed steps to check the safety features of a boat:

Structural Integrity and Damage Inspection

Begin by inspecting the boat's hull, which is often considered the "foundation" of the vessel. Check for any signs of osmosis, which are pockets of moisture trapped between the layers of fibreglass or between the fibreglass and gel coat layer. These appear as blisters and can reduce the boat's resale value. While common in older boats, large blisters should be avoided. Inspect the outer hull for any damage, including marks on the front and keel, indicating a possible grounding incident. Tap the transom to check for waterlogged wood, which could signal a significant problem. Ensure the hull's stringers, which provide structural strength, are solid by knocking on them and listening for a solid thud.

Engine and Mechanical Inspection

The engine is a vital component, and a professional inspection is recommended. However, you can also perform a visual inspection for signs of salt build-up, water markings, and rust. Check the propeller for any dings or markings, and inspect the lower unit for damage. Remove the spark plugs to check the engine's integrity and perform a spark and compression test. Check the engine oil for any signs of water ingress, indicated by a milky residue. Inspect the hoses, belts, and electrical connections for any cracks or wear.

Safety Equipment

Ensure the boat is equipped with essential safety items, including in-date flares (handheld and aerial), a sound-producing device, personal flotation devices (PFDs) for each passenger, throwable devices for overboard situations, and fire extinguishers. Check that the steering cables are securely connected with minimal play and no fraying.

Seaworthiness and Operational Checks

Verify that the boat is not taking on water and that there are no leaks around the through-hull connections. Check the engine connections, ensuring they are securely attached to the transom with smooth movement. Inspect the propeller for any signs of blade pitting or irregular surfaces. Check the electrical system for any frayed cables, and ensure the VHF radio and GPS unit (if installed) are functioning correctly.

Documentation and Registration

Review essential documentation, including the certificate of number, current registration decal, owner contact information, accident report form, and operating manuals for the engine, radio, and other critical equipment.

Marine Surveyor's Assessment

While the above steps provide a comprehensive inspection, it is highly recommended to engage a qualified marine surveyor to conduct an independent assessment. They will identify potential issues and provide valuable insights to help you make an informed decision.

Remember, safety is paramount when it comes to boats, and by following these steps, you can enhance your knowledge and confidence in assessing a boat's safety features.

Check the boat's interior

Checking the interior of a boat is a vital step in the boat-buying process. It can give you a good idea of the care the boat has received and highlight any issues with the hull.

Firstly, check for mould and mildew. A strong, musty smell is often the first sign of interior mould and mildew. Do a visual inspection, looking for signs of rot on the floors or seating areas. Any warping is a red flag.

Next, check for leaks. Leaks in the hull may have been repaired and well hidden, so they may not be instantly visible. Spray a hose at the hull, hatches, portholes, and seams and see if any moisture makes its way into the interior cabins.

Check the doors, hatches, and windshield as part of your visual boat inspection of the interior. Be sure to open and close doors, portholes, and hatches to make sure they are watertight. The windshield should be secure with no cracks.

Get a feel for the boat. As with the exterior, get familiar with the layout, style, and décor. You may want to put your own stamp on the boat and design your own interior, but if not, consider the cost of replacing soft furnishings if they are not up to par.

Finally, it is important to check the bilge area for any signs of oil leaking from the engine, and the fuel tank for signs of corrosion.

Frequently asked questions