Open Ocean Boating: Essential Skills For Safe Voyages

Boating in the open ocean is an adventurous experience, and there are several things to consider when preparing for a voyage. Firstly, it is crucial to choose the right vessel for the journey, taking into account factors such as the purpose of the trip, the expected sea conditions, and the duration of the voyage. Different boats are designed for specific uses, such as long-distance cruising, offshore sportfishing, or a combination of both. It is also important to be familiar with the rules of navigation and safety regulations to avoid collisions and ensure a safe journey. Learning to read and navigate the waves is an essential skill for handling your boat in the open ocean, as it helps minimise the impact of waves on your vessel. Additionally, having the proper safety gear, including communication and navigational equipment, is vital for any open-ocean voyage.

Choosing the right boat

Purpose and Usage

First, consider how you plan to use the boat. Different boats are designed for specific purposes, such as long-distance cruising, offshore sportfishing, or a combination of activities. If you're an avid angler, an offshore sportfishing boat with a sturdy hull and fishing features like live wells, fish boxes, and rod holders might be ideal. If you prefer a mix of cruising and fishing, a cabin cruiser could be a perfect choice, offering both below-deck accommodations and fishing capabilities. For high-speed thrills, opt for a high-performance boat.

Size and Capacity

The size of the boat you choose will depend on factors such as the number of people you plan to accommodate, the duration of your trips, and your desired level of comfort. If you intend to spend extended periods at sea or have a larger crew, consider a long-distance cruiser yacht, which can range from 50 to over 100 feet in length and offer ample space for entertainment and storage. On the other hand, if you prioritise speed and agility, a smaller, nimbler vessel might be more suitable.

Fuel Efficiency and Range

Fuel efficiency is a critical factor when venturing into open waters, as running out of fuel can be a significant problem far from shore. Consider the fuel capacity and efficiency of the boat to ensure it meets your intended range. Power catamarans, for example, are known for their fuel efficiency, making them well-suited for ocean boating. Additionally, keeping a reserve of at least 10% fuel capacity is recommended for offshore voyages.

Safety Features

When boating in open waters, safety must be a top priority. Ensure that your chosen boat is equipped with the necessary safety gear, including life jackets, emergency beacons, marine radios, flares, fire extinguishers, and a first aid kit. Consider the corrosion resistance of the boat's hardware, as saltwater can cause rapid deterioration. Stainless steel fittings and fasteners are standard on ocean-going vessels to prevent corrosion.

Boat Handling and Performance

Different boats offer varying levels of handling and performance in open waters. For instance, catamarans, with their two hulls, are known for their stability and ability to smoothly navigate most sea conditions. On the other hand, high-performance boats are designed for speed and agility but may have fuel-related range restrictions. Consider your level of boating experience and the conditions you expect to encounter to choose a boat that suits your handling capabilities.

Remember, the right boat for you depends on your specific needs and preferences. By taking the time to research and consider these factors, you'll be well on your way to choosing the perfect vessel for your open-ocean adventures.

Learning the rules of the road

In a harbour, smaller vessels must keep out of the way of ships over 500 tons, and all vessels must keep to the starboard side of any channel. It is also important not to create a wake that could cause danger to other vessels or people. When a power vessel meets a sailing vessel, the power vessel must give way unless the sailing vessel is overtaking. Sailing vessels should not sail in narrow channels and must give way to power-driven vessels with restricted manoeuvrability.

When two sailing vessels meet, the vessel with the wind on its starboard side has the right of way, and the other vessel must give way. If both boats have the wind on the same side, the windward (upwind) boat must give way. When being overtaken by another vessel, you must keep clear of the path of the overtaking vessel.

In addition to these rules, it is important to learn how to read the waves to minimise their impact on your vessel. Taking waves head-on can be harmful, so it is recommended to take steep waves at a 30 to 45-degree angle off the bow. This helps to minimise the chances of the bow being buried at the base of the next wave. When faced with beam waves, which come at the side of the boat, it is best to take them at a 45-degree angle, which may require running a zigzag course.

Following seas, or waves coming from the stern, can be deceptively benign, but if the boat goes over the wave, the following wave could push the stern sideways, creating a broach. In this situation, it is best to ride on the back of the wave and moderate your speed. If you cannot maintain your position, let the wave break behind you and flow under the boat.

Reading the waves

When the seas build, use your steering and throttle to work around the waves. Avoid taking waves head-on as this can be harmful to your boat and crew. Instead, take steep waves at a 30 to 45-degree angle off the bow. This reduces the risk of the bow burying at the base of the next wave. By adopting this approach, you spread out the peaks and flatten the slope your boat encounters.

If you are forced to take waves head-on, remember to slow down as you meet the wave. Use your throttle to get over the top, and then, as your bow clears the peak, throttle down to avoid accelerating down the backside of the wave.

Be particularly cautious of beam waves, which hit the side of your boat. Depending on their size, they can cause excessive rolling or yawing, and may even lead to a loss of control. To handle beam waves safely, take them at a 45-degree angle, which may require you to run a zigzag course to your destination.

Waves coming from the stern are known as following seas. This situation may seem benign because you are moving with the wind and riding on the smooth side of the waves. However, it can be treacherous. If your boat goes over the wave, a steep drop could cause the bow to dig into the trough, and the following wave could push the stern sideways, creating a broach. In following seas, it is best to ride on the back of a wave, moderating your speed to maintain your position. If you cannot hold your position, let the wave break behind you and flow under the boat. Be extra careful if your boat has a low transom; the following wave could overtake and swamp your boat.

Safety gear

Safety should always be the top priority when boating on the open ocean. It is important to be cautious and aware of the dangers that come with being out on the water. According to the U.S. Coast Guard recreational boating statistics, there were 4,439 reported boat accidents in 2021, resulting in 2,641 injuries and 658 deaths. Therefore, it is crucial to be prepared for any situation that may arise. Here is a detailed list of safety gear that is essential for open ocean boating:

Life Jackets and Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs)

It is crucial to have a wearable PFD (Type I, II, or III) or life jacket for each person on board. Inflatable life jackets, which can be manual or automatic, are becoming increasingly popular due to their comfort and convenience. However, automatic life jackets should be carefully monitored and regularly maintained. In addition to wearable PFDs, it is required to have at least one throwable flotation device (Type IV) on board, such as a cushion or a ring buoy, to assist individuals in the water.

Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are essential safety equipment for any boat. The type and number of fire extinguishers required depend on the size of the boat. Boats under 26 feet need at least one B-1 type extinguisher, while boats between 26 and 40 feet require two B-1 types or one B-2 type. Ensure that everyone on board knows how to operate the fire extinguisher properly.

Visual Signaling Devices

Visual distress signals are crucial for attracting attention in an emergency. The specific requirements depend on the size of the vessel and the state regulations. Boats under 16 feet must have flares or nighttime signals, while boats over 16 feet need visual signals for both day and night use. Examples include orange or white smoke flares, aerial light flares, strobe lights, and distress flags.

Sound Signaling Devices

Sound-generating devices, such as portable or fixed horns and whistles, are essential for attracting help during the day or night, especially in low-visibility conditions like fog. Larger vessels over 39 feet should also carry a bell to be sounded at regular intervals during limited visibility.

Navigation and Communication Equipment

A VHF radio is crucial for communication and calling for help in an emergency. Additionally, a GPS device can help with navigation and finding your way back to the inlet if you lose sight of land. It is also essential to have a basic understanding of navigation techniques, both with and without electronic assistance.

First Aid Kit

While not always legally required, a first aid kit is highly recommended for open ocean boating. It is sensible to be prepared for minor injuries, cuts, scrapes, or seasickness. If possible, invest in a waterproof first aid kit to keep your supplies dry and protected.

Additional Safety Measures

Other recommended safety equipment includes an anchor, bailer or bucket, oars or paddles, a knife, snorkel mask, flashlight, charged jump box, and a working knowledge of boating rules and safety practices. Always check local and state laws to ensure you comply with any additional safety requirements.

Boat maintenance

• Regular safety checks: Conduct regular safety checks to comply with safety regulations and ensure peace of mind while on the water. This includes inspecting safety gear, such as life jackets, EPIRBs (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons), marine VHF radios, flares, fire extinguishers, and a first aid kit.
• Engine maintenance: Keep your engine well-maintained, especially if it is a diesel engine. Regularly clean your fuel to prevent engine issues and always carry reserve fuel for unexpected situations.
• Corrosion prevention: If you take your boat into the ocean, be aware that saltwater can cause corrosion and hardware deterioration. Use stainless steel fittings and fasteners to prevent corrosion streaks.
• Vessel maintenance: Keep your vessel in tip-top shape. This includes regular cleaning and maintenance of all parts, from the hull to the rigging. Inspect for any signs of wear and tear and address them promptly.
• Navigation equipment: Ensure your navigation equipment is in good working order. This includes your VHF radio, GPS, and compass. Familiarize yourself with their usage and keep them easily accessible.
• Boat handling skills: Improve your boat-handling skills by learning to read the waves. This will help you minimise the impact of waves on your vessel. Steer clear of taking waves head-on and instead, approach them at an angle to reduce the chance of damage.
• Performance and speed management: Be mindful of your boat's performance and speed capabilities. High-performance boats, for example, may have fuel-related range restrictions due to their high-speed design. Always account for reserve fuel to avoid running out of fuel in open water.
• Rules and regulations: Familiarise yourself with the rules of navigation and right-of-way to avoid collisions and ensure the safety of everyone on board and in the surrounding waters.
• Maintenance courses: Consider taking maintenance courses or seeking guidance from experienced captains to enhance your boat maintenance skills and knowledge.
• Safety precautions: In addition to safety gear, adopt safety precautions such as man overboard prevention and recovery techniques. Ensure your vessel has the necessary equipment and that you are trained to handle emergency situations effectively.

Frequently asked questions