Andrew Pace
Basketball is a team sport, and optimising individual strengths for each player will help the team succeed. One way to optimise the team is to calculate each player's efficiency. There are several ways to calculate efficiency, including the Performance Index Rating (PIR), which is used in the EuroLeague and EuroCup. The NBA uses a different formula, which is a simple calculation of additions and subtractions. Efficiency in the NBA is derived from basic individual statistics: points, rebounds, assists, steals, blocks, turnovers, and shot attempts. Offensive efficiency is a measure of a team's or player's efficiency at scoring points per 100 possessions. It takes into account factors like points scored, field goals made, turnovers, and free throw attempts.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Formula for Offensive Efficiency | 100*(Points Scored / Possessions) |
| Formula for Total Possessions | Scoring Possessions + Missed FG Possessions + Missed FT Possessions + Turnovers |
| Formula for Scoring Possessions | (FG_Part + AST_Part + FT_Part) * (1 - (Team_ORB / Team_Scoring_Poss) * Team_ORB_Weight * Team_Play%) + ORB_Part |
| Offensive Efficiency for a Team | Equal to the defensive efficiency of the opponent team |
| Offensive Efficiency Rating (OER) | Average number of points scored per shot taken, including missed field goals and free throws |
| Efficiency (EFF) | A quicker way to know a player's efficiency compared to PER |
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What You'll Learn
Offensive Rating
The Offensive Rating specifically focuses on a player's ability to convert their opportunities into points while minimising wasted possessions. A player with a high offensive rating is typically an efficient scorer who maximises their offensive output while being judicious with their possessions. This often translates to success on the court, as efficient scoring is a crucial aspect of basketball.
There are several other metrics and ratings used to evaluate a basketball player's performance, including EFF (Efficiency), PER (Player Efficiency Rating), and DER (Defensive Efficiency Rating). While these ratings consider different factors and have their own calculations, they all aim to provide insight into a player's overall effectiveness and contribution to the team.
The EFF metric, for example, is a widely used benchmark that takes into account both offensive and defensive contributions. It includes positive aspects such as points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks, while subtracting negatives like missed field goals, missed free throws, and turnovers. However, EFF has been critiqued for being heavily focused on offence, which may not provide a comprehensive view of a player's defensive capabilities.
The PER, developed by ESPN basketball statistician John Hollinger, is designed to be an all-encompassing statistic that sums up a player's positive and negative accomplishments, resulting in a per-minute rating of their performance. This rating aims to provide a more thorough evaluation by considering factors beyond just statistical performance, such as the varying styles of play among different teams.
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Points per Possession (PPP)
Points / Possessions
To calculate the number of possessions, the following formula can be used:
POSSt = FGAt + (0.44 x FTAt) - OREBt + TO
Where:
- FGAt refers to field goal attempts
- FTAt refers to free throw attempts
- OREBt refers to offensive rebounds
- TO refers to turnovers
PPP can also be calculated for specific situations, such as isolation plays or pick-and-roll situations, to gain a more detailed understanding of a player's efficiency in different contexts.
While PPP is a useful metric for evaluating scoring efficiency, it is important to note that basketball efficiency encompasses more than just points scored. Other factors, such as rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks, also contribute to a player's overall efficiency and impact on the game.
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Player Efficiency Rating (PER)
PER is designed to compensate for the different styles of play of various teams and other factors. It is considered a more thorough performance indicator than simply judging a player based on their stats. A league-average PER is always 15.0, which allows for comparisons of player performance across seasons. A PER of 30 over several games is considered exceptionally high.
PER is not without its flaws, however. It largely measures offensive performance, and the defensive statistics it incorporates, such as blocks and steals, can produce a distorted picture of a player's defensive value. It has also been criticised for giving undue weight to a player's contribution in limited minutes and undervaluing players with diverse skill sets who play starter's minutes.
Some of the highest PERs in history belong to some of the greatest players, including Michael Jordan, LeBron James, Nikola Jokić, Giannis Antetokounmpo, Shaquille O'Neal, and Anthony Davis.
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Performance Index Rating (PIR)
> PIR = (Points + Rebounds + Assists + Steals + Blocks + Fouls Drawn) – (Missed Field Goals + Missed Free Throws + Turnovers + Shots Rejected + Fouls Committed)
For example, a player with 26 points, 5 rebounds, 10 assists, 1 steal, 1 block, 4 fouls drawn, 9 missed field goals, 7 missed free throws, 7 turnovers, 9 shots rejected, and 1 foul committed would have a PIR of 14.
The PIR is used extensively in European leagues, particularly in the EuroLeague and the second-tier EuroCup. It is part of the Tendex basketball rating system and is also referred to as performance index ranking, rating, evaluation, valuation, and efficiency.
While the PIR provides a more comprehensive perspective than raw scoring or rebounding numbers, it does not capture a player's defensive positioning or leadership qualities. Critics argue that it does not adjust for total playtime and does not weight individual stats. Despite these limitations, the PIR is favoured by some for its simplicity and ability to provide a quick overview of a player's overall contribution to the game.
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True Shooting Percentage (TS%)
TS% takes into account two- and three-point field goals and free throws, giving a more comprehensive view of a player's scoring ability. It is calculated using the following formula:
> TS%=0.5*(Total Points)/{(Total Field Goal Attempts) + 0.44*(Total Free Throw Attempts)}
The "0.44" multiplier in the formula accounts for all free throws that take up possessions. By considering all three methods of scoring, TS% provides a clear and easily measured metric for evaluating players with varying responsibilities and shooting abilities on the court.
A higher TS% generally indicates a more efficient scorer, while a lower TS% suggests the opposite. However, it is important to consider other factors such as shot selection and offensive roles when evaluating a player's overall performance.
Some players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) are known for consistently achieving high TS%, showcasing their ability to efficiently score points for their teams. For example, Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors has a career true shooting percentage of 62.6%, while Kevin Durant of the Phoenix Suns has a career TS% of 61.9%. These numbers contribute to their recognition as two of the most efficient scorers in NBA history.
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Frequently asked questions
Offensive efficiency in basketball is the number of points scored per 100 possessions.
The formula for offensive efficiency is 100 * (points scored / possessions). Possessions include scoring possessions, missed FG possessions, missed FT possessions, and turnovers.
A higher offensive efficiency rating indicates better performance. The average PER in the league is 15.0. The top three players with the highest PERs in history are Michael Jordan, Lebron James, and Anthony Davis.
Offensive efficiency focuses solely on the offensive performance of a player or team, unlike other metrics such as EFF, PER, and DER, which consider both offensive and defensive contributions.
