Building Boat Docks: A Comprehensive Guide

Building a boat dock is a complex process that requires careful planning, knowledge of the local geography and body of water, and specialised construction skills. There are two main types of docks: fixed and floating. Fixed docks are firmly attached to the bottom of the body of water and are typically made of wood or concrete, while floating docks are secured to the land and use steel tubes, barrels, and air chambers to float on fluctuating water. The type of dock chosen will depend on various factors such as water depth, fluctuations in water levels, local weather conditions, boat traffic, and floor conditions. Building a boat dock also involves selecting appropriate materials such as wood, composite, metal, or PVC, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Regulations and environmental considerations must also be taken into account to ensure compliance and minimise potential damage to the surrounding ecosystem.

Planning and design considerations

Planning and designing a boat dock requires careful consideration of various factors to ensure functionality, safety, and compliance with local regulations. Here are some key planning and design considerations:

Intended Use

Before building a boat dock, it is crucial to contemplate its intended use. While some docks are solely used for anchoring a boat, others may serve multiple purposes, such as leisure activities or fishing. Considering these potential uses will help determine the required size, features, and design of the dock.

Dock Type

The choice between a fixed and floating dock is influenced by several environmental factors. Fixed docks are firmly attached to the water bed and are typically constructed from wood or concrete. On the other hand, floating docks are secured to the land and float on the water, adjusting to fluctuating water levels. Factors such as water depth, water fluctuations, local weather conditions, boat traffic, and floor conditions should be assessed to determine the most suitable dock type.

Dock Height

Planning the height of the dock is essential. Ideally, the dock should be positioned as high as possible above the waterline to minimise submersion, which can lead to harsher weathering. However, it should not be too high, as this may hinder activities like boating, fishing, or diving. The height should consider the highest possible water level to account for fluctuations.

Materials

Boat docks can be constructed from various materials, including wood, aluminium, composite, steel, and PVC. Each material has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, durability, maintenance, and aesthetics. For example, wood is aesthetically pleasing but requires more maintenance, while aluminium is lightweight, durable, and easy to install and remove.

Local Regulations

Before commencing construction, it is imperative to consult local authorities, town or municipality guidelines, and any specific planning requirements for the body of water. Some areas may have protected statuses or regulations regarding chemically treated wood to prevent water contamination. Ensuring compliance with local ordinances will help avoid fines or the need to dismantle the dock.

Safety Features

Safety should be a priority in the design of boat docks. Consider whether a railing is necessary, especially if the dock is placed in shallow water, to prevent injuries from falling. Additionally, if people will be jumping off the dock, cantilevering the end away from the joists can enhance safety and reduce the risk of injury.

Anchoring

For floating docks, an anchoring system is essential to hold the dock in place through water movement and waves. Anchoring typically involves the use of chain ties and anchor blocks, which help maintain the dock's position. Fixed docks, on the other hand, may not require anchoring unless they are in a basin with high waves.

Choosing the right materials

The material you choose for your dock will depend on your budget, the local climate, and the performance you're looking for. Here are some of the most common materials used in boat dock construction:

Wood is a popular choice for docks due to its natural beauty and aesthetic appeal. Homeowners often prefer wood docks as they can be customised with different staining options and additional features like a sundeck. However, wood docks require proper winterisation and maintenance as they are more susceptible to the elements. Pressure-treated wood is a cost-effective option, but it is prone to splintering, rotting, and warping over time. When using wood, it is important to check local regulations regarding chemical treatment to ensure that your dock does not contaminate the lake water.

Composite materials, which are a blend of wood fibre, polypropylene, polyethylene, and crushed minerals bonded with adhesives, are also used for dock construction. Composite decking offers a wide range of colours and textures and is largely maintenance-free. However, if organic material is used, composite decking can be susceptible to mould and mildew, which can cause degradation.

Aluminium is a lightweight and low-maintenance option for boat docks. Its natural anti-corrosive properties make it durable and long-lasting. Aluminium docks are also removable, making them convenient for seasonal storage. Additionally, aluminium is more expensive than wood but requires less maintenance and provides a durable surface for docking your boat.

Steel is the sturdiest and most durable option, but it is also usually the costliest. Steel docks are preferred for commercial use but can also be used residentially. Steel is highly durable and low maintenance since it doesn't shrink or corrode. However, steel docks can be heavy and challenging to install.

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is another option for dock decking. It is moisture and water-resistant, lightweight, durable, and easy to maintain. PVC decking won't rot or splinter, and it remains cool to the touch even in hot weather. It is also available in a variety of colours and textures.

When choosing materials for your boat dock, it is important to consider the specific requirements of your project, including the environmental factors mentioned earlier. Additionally, working with an experienced dock builder can help ensure high-quality construction and the appropriate use of materials.

Anchoring and stability

The anchoring and stability of a boat dock are essential factors to consider during the planning and construction process. The type of anchoring system required will depend on the chosen design, whether it be a fixed or floating dock.

A fixed dock is firmly attached to the bottom of the body of water and is typically built at a fixed height. Piles driven deep into the ground provide stability for this type of dock. The depth of the water will determine how far down the piles are driven. For instance, a pier dock on a lake with a soft bottom may require piles to be driven down 11-15 feet. It is not necessary to anchor a fixed dock unless it is in a basin with high waves.

On the other hand, a floating dock system requires an anchoring system at the end of the dock and every 30 feet. This is crucial as there are no piles, and the anchor blocks hold the docks in place through waves and water movement. Chain ties are required at each anchor point. The anchoring process involves placing anchor weights on the floating dock section, grouping the appropriate amount of blocks for each corner, and attaching the chain with a shackle to the blocks. The dock is then moved over the desired anchor area, and the blocks are tipped into the water. The same steps are repeated on the opposite side, maintaining some tension on the chain.

The stability of a boat dock is also influenced by the materials used in its construction. Aluminum docks, for example, are lightweight and durable, providing a stable surface for docking. Steel docks are the sturdiest option, making them highly durable and long-lasting. Wood docks, while aesthetically pleasing, may require additional support structures, such as stanchions or leg-support assemblies, to enhance their stability.

Additionally, the lake bed composition and depth play a significant role in determining the stability of the dock. Sandy and flat lake beds usually pose fewer challenges, while rocky lake beds with varying depths may require expert help and a more complex dock design.

Environmental factors

When building a boat dock, there are several environmental and geographic factors to consider. These factors will influence the type of dock you build, whether fixed or floating, and the materials you use.

Water Depth

The depth of the water body is a crucial factor in determining the type of dock to build. If the water line is over four feet high, a floating dock is ideal. Floating docks are anchored to the shoreline and supported by flotation units, allowing them to rise and fall with the water level. In contrast, if the water is less than four feet deep, a fixed dock is a better option. Fixed docks are firmly attached to the bottom of the water body and built at a fixed height.

Water Fluctuations

Water level fluctuations also play a significant role in choosing between a fixed and floating dock. If the water levels change frequently, a floating dock is more suitable as it adjusts to the water level, making it easier to access your boat. On the other hand, if the water level remains relatively constant, a fixed dock may be preferred.

Local Weather

The local weather patterns and conditions are another important consideration. If the area is prone to hurricanes, thunderstorms, high winds, or flooding, a floating dock is recommended. In bad weather, a floating dock moves with the water and your boat, reducing the risk of damage from collisions. Conversely, a fixed dock remains stationary, which can lead to crashes and potential damage during stormy weather.

Boat Traffic

The amount of boat traffic on the water body is also a factor to consider. Floating docks are better suited for busy waterways as they move with the water, absorbing the impact of waves. On the other hand, fixed docks are a good choice for quieter lakes with minimal boat traffic, providing a sense of permanence and stability.

Floor Conditions

The floor conditions of the water body can vary, and this will influence the type of dock that can be built. Sand, silt, and mud are better suited for floating docks as they cannot support the pilings or pipes of a fixed dock. In contrast, clay and rock bottoms are compatible with fixed docks, providing a sturdy foundation for the structure.

Climate and Weather Conditions

The local climate and weather conditions are essential to consider when choosing the materials for your dock. For example, wooden docks are subject to the elements and may require proper winterization in colder climates to prevent damage. Aluminum docks, on the other hand, are naturally anti-corrosive and require less maintenance, making them suitable for various climates.

Local Regulations

Lastly, it is crucial to be aware of any local regulations and ordinances regarding dock construction. Some areas may have specific rules regarding the use of chemically treated wood due to environmental concerns. Checking with local authorities can help ensure that your dock complies with all the necessary regulations, avoiding potential fines or the need to tear down your dock.

Building and construction

Building a boat dock is a complex process that requires careful planning, knowledge of the local geography and body of water, and specialised construction skills. Before you begin, it is important to consider how the dock will be used. For example, will you want furniture on the dock? Will you fish off the dock? Will it be placed in full sunlight?

There are two main types of docks: fixed and floating. A fixed dock is firmly attached to the bottom of the body of water and is typically built from wood or concrete. A floating dock, on the other hand, is secured to the land and uses steel tubes, barrels, and air chambers to float on fluctuating water. The type of dock you choose will depend on several environmental and geographic factors, including water depth, water fluctuations, local weather, boat traffic, and floor conditions.

When selecting materials for your dock, consider options such as aluminium, wood, or steel. Aluminium docks are lightweight, low maintenance, and removable. Wooden docks are often more desirable due to their natural beauty, but they require proper winterisation to protect them from the elements. Steel docks are the sturdiest and most durable option, but they are also usually the most costly.

• Assemble the dock with the bottom side up so that you can easily install the floats.
• Lay out the stringers and ends of the base structure and screw them into place.
• Check for squareness by measuring the two diagonals – they should be within ⅛” of each other in length.
• Secure the structure by temporarily screwing a board to it.
• Place the pieces, starting with the corners, and mark the holes with a pencil. Drill and install the hardware with bolts.
• Lay out the float supports and floats on the structure to determine their positions.
• Mark the locations of the float brackets on the structure and the floats on the brackets.
• Remove the floats and screw in the brackets. Secure the floats with lag bolts and large flat washers, or bolts with lock washers and flat washers.
• Turn the structure right side up.
• Recheck the squareness.
• Screw in the decking, adjusting the width of the boards as needed.

Remember to always check with local authorities on regulations and permit requirements before beginning construction.

Frequently asked questions